Weston Meehan

In today’s society there is a war going on, a battle to control our minds, hearts, and souls with a simple idea. An idea so dangerous that it not only has it indoctrinated us as a generation, but indoctrinating future generations without so much has a scrap of scientific evidence. An idea that questions our livelihood, why we are here, why we do what we do, and where do we go when it is all said and done. This idea is known as the Evolutionary theory and its concepts derived nearly 200 years ago by Charles Darwin in his book the Origin of Species.Darwin states† I see no good reasons why the views given in this volume should shock the religious views of anyone. † (1859, pp. 520) Claiming Evolution does not exist would be as empirical as proving God does exist. In these arguments there is no middle ground, either God does exist or he does not, either evolution is real or it is not. There is only one way to prove the evidence and that is to seek it out with examinatio n. Would such evidence exist? If so what could possibly the nature of this evidence?Before the Evolutionary theory’s inception the four burning questions of man has been who am I, where did I come from, why am I here, and where do I go when I die? The answer to these questions has always been some sort of religion, and that this world has a designer with an incredible plan. Now as time has progressed a very dangerous solution was introduced to the world and with its arrival it is changing the very fabric of humanity. The new religion of the day is science and this affects our legal system, school system, and thought process.These effects over time can be detrimental to the minds and morals of us as a society. One of the most basic and fundamental questions of the human mind is the question, â€Å"does God exist? † The one thing every human has in common is having a worldview. A worldview is how you view the world. There are two ways you can view this world. Some people look at this world and say, â€Å"it’s amazing this came from evolution† that is the Evolutionists’ worldview. Others say, â€Å"this world has incredible design there must be a designer† this is the Creationists’ worldview.These two views are polar- opposite from each other in a clash where one side has to be wrong. When mentioning Evolution, keep in mind that there are six theories and basis to the word evolve. Cosmic Evolution: the origin of time, space, and matter i. e. the â€Å"Big Bang†. Chemical Evolution: the origin of higher elements from hydrogen. Stellar and Planetary Evolution: origin of stars and planets. Organic Evolution: the origin of life. Macroevolution: the changing from one kind in to another. Finally, Microevolution: variations within kinds.These theories are studied in every American education curriculum but only one has scientifically been proven. In a common Webster Dictionary from an online website the definition o f the Big Bang Theory (Cosmic Evolution) is â€Å"a theory in astronomy: the universe originated billions of years ago in an explosion from a single point of nearly infinite energy density. † (Webster Dictionary Online) Another is Alan Guth’s theory stating, â€Å"†¦ the entire observable universe could have evolved from an infinitesimal (Greek for dot) region.It’s then tempting to go one step further and speculate that the entire universe evolved from literally nothing. † (1984 p. 128). The two theories of the creation of the Earth are basically the same but the Evolutionists believe it happened for no reason. The Creationists believe that God was the creator. The first law of the Conservation of matter is that, â€Å"matter (and or energy) cannot be created or destroyed. † Thus, if the matter cannot be created nor destroyed then who created this world? The choices still remain, it created itself or someone created it.Scientifically how can s omething be created from nothing unless there was a creator? Instead of raising questions that are gaudy, scientific, and quite frankly a bit harder to understand I would like to use history as the main source of discussion. The arguments most skeptics tend to stray away from are whether or not Dinosaurs existed with man. As ridiculous as that might sound to do believe that the very thought of such a notion existing could shake the beliefs of your modern Evolutionists. If dinosaurs did exist then the Evolutionary theory would be completely and utterly false and visa versa for creation.This topic is rarely touched based on just due to most of societies’ presuppositions on the matter and considering alternative evidence with an unbiased open mind. Let’s start with the question â€Å"what happened to the dinosaurs? † and there are scores of theories on this matter. The main theory is that a comet struck the earth, and the dust that was raised blocked out the sun. W hen the sun was blocked out the climate turned cold and the cold-blooded animals couldn’t survive. The flaw in this theory is that we still have animals today such as alligators, crocodiles, and Komodo dragons and supposedly these species date back to before the inosaurs were evolved (according to Evolution). Another theory is E. Baldwin’s exotic notion to say that they use to eat a laxative plant and when this plant went extinct the dinosaurs died out due to constipation. (2002, pp. 210) According to the Bible there was a major catastrophe that wiped out the Dinosaurs as well as most of the life on Earth. This was the great Genesis flood, which was global destroying all of existence except a man named Noah, his family, and two of every kind of animal to be taken aboard an Ark and to repopulate the Earth.Logically, Noah would of obtained only infant animals. This is for three reasons; they eat less, sleep more, and take up less room. This account of a global flood is n ot only found in the Bible but in every major culture’s history such as China, Mesopotamia, and Polynesian cultures. In 1841 the first use of the term Dinosauria (meaning terrible lizard) was created by the famous British anatomist and Paleontologist Sir Richard Owen. The term was used for the first time at a meeting of the British Association of the Advancement of science held in Plymouth. No reptile now exists which provides a complicated and thecodont dentition with limbs so proportionally large and strong having such well-developed marrow bones and sustaining the weight of the trunk by synchrondrosis or anchylosis to so long and complicated a sacrum, as in the order Dinosauria. † (Owen 42) After that meeting the word Dinosaur became a popular term to describe these giant lizards that were being discovered by paleontologists. During the 1800’s after the first discovery of theses fossils scientists began to look for clue to what had happened to these â€Å"ter rible lizards†.Unfortunately the focus was on the rocks and buried fossils and failed to examine history on what had really happened. Examining ancient history and the historical record you will not find the word â€Å"dinosaur† remember the word dinosaur was not created until 1841. Every culture shared a common name for these creatures but the most familiar is the name dragon. Even in our local library’s dictionary the definition of dragon shares a chilling depiction. Even the old dictionaries recognize these dragons to be real and not apart of myth.It seems that all cultures have different names for these dragons such as the list provided on page 13. Dragon history is nearly universal through ancient cultures. Where did this concept derive? Why is it so universal among cultures that are separated by continents? How did societies through out the world describe, etch, draw, and sew these creatures with such uniformity if they were not of eyewitness accounts? Cert ain things that aren’t shown to us growing up when learning the evolutionary theory as well as all of history are all of the artwork of the ancient cultures and the people of the culture depicting dinosaurs.It is safe to say that most of all the ancient art are mainly illustrations of everyday life and this gives us a good idea of how these cultures hunted, lived, and the ceremonies they practiced. The highly technical civilization of the Nazca Indians off the coast of Peru flourished from about 1 A. D. to 750 A. D. These cultures produced an array of technologies as well as crafts including ceramics, textiles, and geoglyphs. Today it is still unknown how this culture produced these geoglyphs called the Nazca lines. The Nazca Indians also produced thousands of carvings on burial stones, these carvings are known as the Ica stones.There have been over 16,000 of these remarkable stone found over the years. They contain depictions of daily life, battle scenes, advanced technologi es, and most amazingly dinosaurs. Most skeptics try to debunk the Ica stones being a hoax or created during our time period, but the evidence points otherwise. Other than the Ica stones there has been thousands of pieces of ancient art depicting dinosaurs found in many different cultures spreading over the planet. The authenticity of this art has divided skeptics, but most that have no preconceived biases believe in their genuine nature.Here are just some of the different examples of the uniformity of these creatures that are shared. Again, how could each culture depict these dinosaurs if they were not of eyewitness accounts? Could it be possible that dinosaurs still exist today? For at least a hundred years there have been many reputable reports in English speaking countries of seeing a dinosaur like creature in the lakes of Loch Ness, Champlain, and Ogopogo. The accounts describe a Plesiosaur or a water dwelling dinosaur. These lakes are vast bodies of water reaching depths of fou r hundred feet in certain parts.To add to the elusiveness of these creatures it is believed that like crocodiles, alligators, and caimans this type of dinosaur is nocturnal. The most intriguing of eyewitness reports do not come from the lakes of England, Scotland, or America but from the darkest regions of the African Congo a swamp named Likoula. Likoula is the largest swamp in the world, 55,000 square miles in size and remains eighty percent unexplored. Most civilized people do not venture into these swamps due to the harsh conditions, but tribe’s people living in the swamp say that several creatures that are apparent dinosaurs are still alive today.There’s a creature the natives call Mokele-Embembe â€Å"described as a large animal 16 to 32 feet in length with a long neck and a tail. It is also alleged that the reddish-brow to gray, which lives in the swamp and only eats on vegetation. † (â€Å"Half-God, Half-Beast†, 1999) The National Geographic show à ¢â‚¬Å"The Beast Man† presented an episode where the host interviewed a local villager and the experiences he had with the creature. The villager stated, â€Å"it was a long time ago, I was scared and ran away. † (Beast Man) This shows the power of the creature and how scary it can appear.The Bible shares a probable depiction of this very same creature, â€Å"behold now behemoth, which I made with thee; he eateth grass as an ox. Lo now, his strength is in his loins, and his force is in the navel of his belly. He moveth his tail like a cedar: the sinews of his stones are wrapped together. His bones are as strong pieces of brass; his bones are like bars of iron. He is the chief of the ways of God: he that made him can make his sword to approach unto him. † (King James Bible, Job. 40. 15-19) The dangers of the theory of Evolution have affected and corrupted the minds of people for generations.With the evidence shown the devotion put in to this theory brings loyalty s imilar to no other. Most scientists put all of their faith in science just like as if it were a religion. As a Christian would lay their faith in to the Bible their faith lies in theories that are still not proven today. I chose to interview an Environmental Science professor at our college to question his openness and possibility of such a notion. In my interview with professor Meizeka I asked, â€Å"if dinosaurs still existed and what would that do to the evolutionary theory? He then stated â€Å"it’s not possible† when I told him about the eyewitness accounts in the Likoula Swamp he stammered around the question stating â€Å"it just doesn’t†¦you’re certainly going to find species that we never thought existed, but a large scale dinosaur hard to believe. † My question never seemed to be answered if the theory would be shaken or not but maybe his silence speaks volumes. Why are these issues confronted with such skepticism? What would be the reasoning behind not thoroughly accessing the possibility of this phenomenon?In conclusion through out all of my research and reflecting on my thesis, the Evolutionary Theory has indeed indoctrinated society. The majority of scientists would rather reject the possibility of dinosaurs’ existence with man to better enforce their belief system. The scariest notion is what if this theory was made to prevent our generation and future generations in the belief of creation. (Word Count) 2231 ? Dragons in Different Cultures 1. Arabic: ah-teen (pl. tah-neen), (Al)Tineen, Plural: (Al)Tananeen ? 2. Athebascin (Alasken): Manchu 3. ?Austrian: Drach`n, Lindwurm? 4.Bulgarian: drakon (phonetic), a? aeii (Actual spelling) ? 5. Catalan (N/E Spain): drac ? 6. Chinese: lung/long, Liung (Hakka dialect) ? Chinese: old & new: ? 7. Croatian/Serbian: zmaj (pronounced â€Å"zmai† means Dragon), azdaja (pronounced â€Å"azhdaya† means Hydra) ? 8. Czech: Drak, Draeek (Draaachek) ? 9. Dani sh: drage 10. ?Dansk: drage ? 11. Draconian: Khoth, (pl. Khothu)? Driigaran (music language): C4 G4 C5 D5 B5 C5? Double-Dutch: dridi-gag-dridi-gen? 12. Dutch: draak ? 13. Elven/Drow: Tagnik'zur ? 14. Egg-Latin: Dreggageggon ? 15. English: dragon ? English (Middle): dragun, dragoun ? 16.English (Old): draca ? Enochian: Vovin (Voh-een)? 17. Esperanto: drako, dragono? 18. Estonian: draakon, lohe, lohemadu or tuuleuss (Wind Snake), lendav madu? 19. Euskera (dialect of the Basque Country): Erensuge ? 20. Faeroese: eitt dreki, eitt flogdreki, ein fraenarormur ? Finnish: lohikaarme, draakki, dragoni? 21. Fire Witch tongue: Katash wei' vorki (kah-TASH whey VOR-key) ? 22. Flambian: kazyeeqen (comes from kazyee-aqen, fire lizard) 23. ?Flemmish: Draeke? French: dragon,dragun, dargon ? 24. Gaelic: Arach ? 25. German: drache (pl. Drachen), Lindwurm, drake (pl. draken) ? 26. Greek: drakon, drako.Male: drakos (or thrakos), Female: drakena (or thrakena) ? 27. Greek (ancient): Male: drakkon (or thra kon), Female: drakkina (or thrakena) 28. ?Hawaiian: Kelekona, (plural) Na Kelekona ? Hebrew: drakon (plural) drakonim, Tanniym ? 29. Hungarian: sarkany ? 30. Icelandic: dreki 31. ?Indonesian: Naga ? I 32. ranian: Ejdeha 33. ?Islamic: th'uban, tinnin ? 34. Italian: drago, dragone, volante, dragonessa ? 35. Japanese: ryu, tatsu ? 36. Jibberish: gidadraggidaen (pronunced â€Å"gid-a-drag-gid-ah-en†)? 37. Klingon: lung'a' puv (pronounced loong-AH poov) â€Å"Flying Great Lizard† ? 38. Korean: yong ?Latin: draco, dracon, draco, dragon, dragoon, serpent,serpens 39. ?Luxembourgian: Draach ? Middle earth Ency. : Anguloce: generic, Ramaloce: winged dragon, Uruloce: fire breath dragon 40. ?Malay: Naga 41. ?Milanese (Italy): Dragh, Draguun,Dragoon ? 42. New Zeland (Maori): tarakona ? 43. Norse: ormr ? Norsk: drake, dragonet, liten drake ? 44. Norwegian: drage ? Oppish: dropagoponop (pronounced drop-ag-op-an-op)? 45. Ourainic Barb: Duxobum ? 46. Philippines: male: dragon short o, female: Dragona with a short o and a ? 47. Pig-Latin: Agon-dray ? 48. Polish: smok 49. ?Portuguese: dragao ? 0. Quenya (elven): Loke, winged: Ramaloke, sea: Lingwiloke, fire: Uruloke ? 51. Reinitian (of Reinita): Dralaghajh ? Roman: draco ? Romanian: Dragon, (pl. Dragoni), Zmeu (pl. Zmei), dracul, drakul ? 52. Russian: drakon ? Sanskrit: naga (type of snake-human-dragon)? Slovenia: Zmaj = Dragon, Hidra = Hydra.? 53. Spanish: dragon, El Draque, Brujah? 54. Swedish: drake, lindorm ? Swedish (Ancient): flugdrake, floghdraki? 55. Swiss German: Dracha ? 56. Tagalog: drakon ? 57. Thai: mung-korn ? | Works Cited â€Å"Ancient Dinosaur Depictions. † Genesis Park. N. p. , n. d. Web. 01 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. enesispark. com/exhibits/evidence/historical/ancient/dinosaur/;. (Internet) Conner, Susan, and Linda Kitchen. Science's Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Outrageous Innovators, Deadly Disasters, and Shocking Discoveries. Washington, D. C. : Brassey's, 2002. 210. Print. (Book) Critt endon, Jules. â€Å"Half-God, Half Beast. † Boston Herald [Boston] 29 Jan. 1999: n. pag. Print. (Newspaper) Darwin, Charles (1859), The Origin of Species (London: A. L. Burt). (Book) Guth, Alan and Paul Steinhardt (1984), â€Å"The Inflationary Universe,† Scientific American, 250 116-128, May. (Magazine) Hawk, Ray, and E. E. Hubbard. What Is the Law of Conservation of Matter? † WiseGeek. Conjecture, 24 Sept. 2012. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. . (Internet) Job. King James Bible. Nashville, TN: Holman Bible, 1973. Print. (reference) N. p. , n. d. Web. . (Internet) â€Å"John Meizeka. † Personal interview. 29 Nov. 2012. â€Å"Nazca Lines. † , Peru. N. p. , n. d. Web. 30 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. sacred-destinations. com/peru/nazca-lines;. (Internet)Neilson, William Allan, Thomas A. Knott, and Paul W. Carhart. Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam, 1960. Print. (Reference) Owen, Sir Richard. â€Å"Report o n British Fossil Reptiles. Part II. † Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 60-204 (1842): 42. Print. (Journal) â€Å"Say â€Å"Dragon†Ã¢â‚¬  How to Say Dragon in Many Languages. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. . (Internet) Spain, Pat. â€Å"Mokele Mbembe. † The Beast Man. 7 Dec. 2012. Television. (Media) African: nrgwenya ? 58. Afrikaans: Draak ? 59.Arabic: ah-teen (pl. tah-neen), (Al)Tineen, Plural: (Al)Tananeen ? 60. Athebascin (Alasken): Manchu 61. ?Austrian: Drach`n, Lindwurm? 62. Bulgarian: drakon (phonetic), a? aeii (Actual spelling) ? 63. Catalan (N/E Spain): drac ? 64. Chinese: lung/long, Liung (Hakka dialect) ? Chinese: old & new: ? 65. Croatian/Serbian: zmaj (pronounced â€Å"zmai† means Dragon), azdaja (pronounced â€Å"azhdaya† means Hydra) ? 66. Czech: Drak, Draeek (Draaachek) ? 67. Danish: drage 68. ?Dansk: drage ? 69. Draconian: Khoth, (pl. Khothu)? Driigaran (music language): C4 G4 C5 D5 B5 C5? Double-D utch: dridi-gag-dridi-gen? 70. Dutch: draak ? 1. Elven/Drow: Tagnik'zur ? 72. Egg-Latin: Dreggageggon ? 73. English: dragon ? English (Middle): dragun, dragoun ? 74. English (Old): draca ? Enochian: Vovin (Voh-een)? 75. Esperanto: drako, dragono? 76. Estonian: draakon, lohe, lohemadu or tuuleuss (Wind Snake), lendav madu? 77. Euskera (dialect of the Basque Country): Erensuge ? 78. Faeroese: eitt dreki, eitt flogdreki, ein fraenarormur ? Finnish: lohikaarme, draakki, dragoni? 79. Fire Witch tongue: Katash wei' vorki (kah-TASH whey VOR-key) ? 80. Flambian: kazyeeqen (comes from kazyee-aqen, fire lizard) 81. ?Flemmish: Draeke? French: dragon,dragun, dargon ? 2. Gaelic: Arach ? 83. German: drache (pl. Drachen), Lindwurm, drake (pl. draken) ? 84. Greek: drakon, drako. Male: drakos (or thrakos), Female: drakena (or thrakena) ? 85. Greek (ancient): Male: drakkon (or thrakon), Female: drakkina (or thrakena) 86. ?Hawaiian: Kelekona, (plural) Na Kelekona ? Hebrew: drakon (plural) drakonim, Ta nniym ? 87. Hungarian: sarkany ? 88. Icelandic: dreki 89. ?Indonesian: Naga ? I 90. ranian: Ejdeha 91. ?Islamic: th'uban, tinnin ? 92. Italian: drago, dragone, volante, dragonessa ? 93. Japanese: ryu, tatsu ? 94. Jibberish: gidadraggidaen (pronunced â€Å"gid-a-drag-gid-ah-en†)? 95.Klingon: lung'a' puv (pronounced loong-AH poov) â€Å"Flying Great Lizard† ? 96. Korean: yong ? Latin: draco, dracon, draco, dragon, dragoon, serpent,serpens 97. ?Luxembourgian: Draach ? Middle earth Ency. : Anguloce: generic, Ramaloce: winged dragon, Uruloce: fire breath dragon 98. ?Malay: Naga 99. ?Milanese (Italy): Dragh, Draguun,Dragoon ? 100. New Zeland (Maori): tarakona ? 101. Norse: ormr ? Norsk: drake, dragonet, liten drake ? 102. Norwegian: drage ? Oppish: dropagoponop (pronounced drop-ag-op-an-op)? 103. Ourainic Barb: Duxobum ? 104. Philippines: male: dragon short o, female: Dragona with a short o and a ? 05. Pig-Latin: Agon-dray ? 106. Polish: smok 107. ?Portuguese: dragao ? 108. Quenya (elven): Loke, winged: Ramaloke, sea: Lingwiloke, fire: Uruloke ? 109. Reinitian (of Reinita): Dralaghajh ? Roman: draco ? Romanian: Dragon, (pl. Dragoni), Zmeu (pl. Zmei), dracul, drakul ? 110. Russian: drakon ? Sanskrit: naga (type of snake-human-dragon)? Slovenia: Zmaj = Dragon, Hidra = Hydra.? 111. Spanish: dragon, El Draque, Brujah? 112. Swedish: drake, lindorm ? Swedish (Ancient): flugdrake, floghdraki? 113. Swiss German: Dracha ? 114. Tagalog: drakon ? 115. Thai: mung-korn ? | Dragons in Different Cultures

The Korean War started in the aftermath of World War II

The Korean War started in the aftermath of World War II.   When the Great War that ended all wars resulted in the defeat of Japan, a new power arose in the Pan Asian area, the specter of USSR.   Stalin’s tight rein on the country and its quick and vicious rise to superpower status caused Americans to fear that the Soviet Empire would attempt to spread communism throughout the world.   Eastern Europe had already been engulfed and President Truman was weary of the possibility of the rest of Asia falling into the grasp of communism. Therefore in Korea, America made a stand for democracy (Ridgeway, 15).   The United States called this policy â€Å"containment†, to contain the spread of communism because it attempts to encroach on America’s philosophy of democracy (Ridgeway, 15).   The very policy of containment arose out of fear from Secretary of State Kissinger that the Soviet Union’s eventual plan is to dominate the politics of the Pan Asian Alliance and eventually threaten the rest of Europe. The Korean War rose out of these circumstances as a battle against communism (Ridgeway, 15).   Northern Korea threatened Southern Korea through a series of hostile attacks, and after the South Korean Army with help from the US decimated the Northern Alliance, China’s quick intercession quickly changed the tides of war.   Korea was not an isolated two nation battle; rather it represented a political ideological struggle between westernization and communism (Ridgeway, 15).   Ã‚  China wanted to exert its presence following its own communist revolution as chose Korea as the testing grounds for its new army operations.   When Korea was finally split in half after indecisive battles, its role in history was forever termed as the â€Å"Forgotten War†. Vietnam occurred under similar circumstances.   The Soviet Union’s powers were at its peak during this time, having proved that they were now a nuclear power; this is the first time that these two nations met indirectly (Moise, 130).   Vietnam became the first major war in the post nuclear weapons era and it was motivated by the continuance of the theory of containment. Although large amounts of troop activity was already taking place during the John F. Kennedy era, President Johnson’s term saw the escalation of troops and combat within the region.   The North Koreans were constantly supplied via underground shipments from the Soviet Union and China, thus the war did not seem like it would end (Moise, 130).   The conclusive withdraw of US troops during Nixon’s presidency represented the first major victory and breakthrough for the communists in Asia.   As a result, the specter of the Cold War continued to loom over the world. The Iraqi war placed the United States in a unique position.   Since September 11th, the war on terrorism is very much different from the war on communism in that there are no tangible enemies.   Following unsuccessful attacks on terrorism in Afghanistan, the target of Iraq represented President Bush’s strategy of First strike defense, or preemptive strike (Roberts, 23)   This theory contends that as Iraq has an obvious hatred of the United States and has shown in that past to have harbored and still harbors weapons of mass destruction. Destroying it before it could target the United States either through direct attack or through helping terrorist cells (Roberts, 23),. This philosophy is very much motivated by a number of policies, among them was the previous attack on Iraq in Operation Desert Storm which severely weakened Saddam Hussein’s military power in the region.   However, since there was no eminent threat to the United States, there was no international consortium as large as the ones during Korea and Vietnam (Roberts, 23). Therefore, the war on Iraq is viewed by many in the international community as illegitimate and unsanctioned.   As such the political pressures from around the world are very much negative.   Even in victory, the Iraqi war now seems to have bear consequences that has harmed the United State’s position in the world political circle.   The current negotiations with the United Nations to aid in the Iraqi effort has met with resistance as the world community repeatedly contends they will not help George Bush clean up the scene of his crime.   The political undercurrents of this war may turn negative much like the results of the Vietnam resolution (Roberts, 23). Ridgway, Matthew B. He Korean War. Boston: Da Capo Press, 1988. Moise, Edwin E. Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War. North Carolina: UNC Press , 1996. Roberts, Paul. The End Of Oil: On the Edge of a Perilous New World. Seattle: Mariner Books, 2005.

Capital Budgeting Decisions

The purpose of the report is to help the GM (A Large Carpentering Firm) to take the investment decision. GM wants to replace one of its existing sawing machines with the new one. For this purpose, two alternate sawing machines are considered, machine A is fully automated while machine B operates on standard technology. The problem is to find out which machine will be best suitable for replacement through using capital budgeting techniques such as NPV, IRR and pay back period method. There is clear objective to evaluate proposed Machines (A and B) with the help of various techniques of capital budgeting techniques. Another purpose is to guide management of GM on selection of best alternative through applying practical as well as theoretical aspects of capital budgeting. In order to evaluate the Machine A and Machine B through using capital budgeting methods, following methods have been used. Pay back period method is one of the most used methods used for capital budgeting decisions. It measures the length of time required to recollect the expenses made on the project in first year. It helps to analyst to know whether to undertake the project or not. Longer pay back periods are not desirable for investment purpose as compare to project where cost of project is recovered in less time (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2011). This method does not consider time value of money and cash inflows are subject to any present value factor as in case of other methods. In case GM firm, Mr. David wants to evaluate two machines on pay back period basis. Calculations are as under: Pay Back Period of Machine A: 4 years + [(660,000-644,000)/ (1,094,000-644,000)] years   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = 4 years +0.053 years   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = 4.053 years Pay Back period of Machine B: 3 years + [(360000-304000/ (390000-304000)] years   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = 3.65 years Net present value is the difference of present value of cash inflow and present value of cash outflows. This method is used in capital budgeting decisions and helps in evaluating the profitability of project or investment. This method considers time value of money, so, it is regarded as one of best method to evaluate the project for capital budgeting purpose (Pratt, 2010). Net Present Value of Machine A: Present value of cash inflows for Machine A – Present values of cash outflows for Machine A   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = $ 718,132.88 - $ 660,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = $ 58132.88 Net Present Value of Machine B: Present value of cash inflows for Machine B – Present values of cash outflows for Machine B   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = $ 43483.24 Internal rate of return refers to an interest rate where all the present value of cash inflows and cash outflows become zero. This interest rate is the rate at which project will earn if that project is selected (Drake and Fabozzi, 2012). This method of capital budgeting is used to analyze the attractiveness of the project. Project or investment is selected in case IRR is more than the firm required rate of return. Project or investment is rejected where IRR is less than the firm required rate of return. In the case of GM Company, the required rate of return is 13 %. On analyses if it has been found that IRR of Machine A or B is greater than that machine will be selected which has highest IRR (Fridson and Alvarez, 2011). On the basis of above analysis, the key findings are as under:   $  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   58,132.88 Rankings of Machines as per the method On the basis of various factors and ranking procedure applied to choose either machine A and B, it is concluded that GM firm must invest in Machine B to receive the outflows in less time period with highest IRR. As regards to NPV, Machine A has to be selected but it is also true that both machines have positive NPV (Staubus, 2013). There are many other factors that firm must considered while taking the investment decisions. Every investment requires outflow of cash at the beginning keeping in mind that such investment will provide higher benefits in future years (Bull, 2007). Therefore, decision related to plant and machine must be evaluated using capital budgeting methods but it is also important to consider factors like technology used in machine, other cost related with machine and functional capacity of the machine. In case of GM firm, Mr. David should consider following factors: Brigham, E. F. and Ehrhardt, M. C. 2011. Financial Management: Theory and Practice. Mason: Cengage Learning. Bull, R. 2007. Financial Ratios: How to use financial ratios to maximize value and success for your businesses. Elsevier. Drake, P. P. and Fabozzi, F. J. 2012. Analysis of Financial Statements. John Wiley & Sons. Fridson, M. S. and Alvarez, F. 2011. Financial Statement Analysis: A Practitioner's Guide. John Wiley & Sons. Menicucci, E. 2014. Fair Value Accounting: Key Issues Arising from the Financial Crisis. Springer. Mumba, C. 2013. Understanding Accounting and Finance: Theory and Practice. USA: Trafford Publishing. Pratt, J. 2010. Financial Accounting in an Economic Context. John Wiley & Sons. Staubus, G.J. 2013. The Decision Usefulness Theory of Accounting: A Limited History. Routledge.

Transfer Pricing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Transfer Pricing - Essay Example It is usually applied when bodies are separate entities and are individually responsible for their profitability and divisions are accountable for their own profits (Jensen and Meckling, 1976, 315). Since transfer pricing is an agreement between two divisions of same group there is greater chance of conflict of interest as both buying and selling side try to transfer to counter party resulting increased benefit to its division (Chan, Landry, and Jalbert , 2004, 39). This report will also analyze a case between Millwall Company and Reading Company as both these companies are interested in buying and selling with each other and both of these companies belong to the same group of companies. EFEFCTOF EACH PROPOSED PRICE ON MANAGEMENT OF READING The transfer price mechanism is the source of revenue for selling division which in this case is Reading Company and cost for buying division which in mentioned case is Millwall Company. Former aims to get it maximum revenue from deal and latter t ries to get supply at minimum cost. The best option can, therefore, be negotiated at point where both firms are given autonomy as finally they will be held responsible for the profitability of the respective divisions (Grubert and Joel Slemrod , 1998, 368). Considering the fact that Reading Company is already performing under capacity, therefore, it can serve Millwall Company without reducing its supply to other external suppliers and so no opportunity cost would be involved in this scenario. With these assumptions, standard variable cost and opportunity cost would be the total cost that it has to incur. Since opportunity cost is nil in this case then standard variable cost constitutes main component of cost and any point above this would be the profit. Using its spare capacity, selling at any price over and above the average variable price would increase the profit for Reading Company by same amount. For instance, Profit for Reading company = (selling price – average variabl e price) * quantity In the given case price demanded by Reading Company is inclusive of fixed cost as well and only selling and distribution cost is foregone. It is in due alignment with the need of Reading Company as it has to keep profitability improved with its operation under capacity. Offer from Millwall Company is true on its part as it is well calculated from buyer’s current condition of operating under capacity and it would like to pay minimum or at least less than what it would pay to an external supplier to improve its profitability. But management of Reading Company would surely not like this scenario as it would not benefit the profitability of the company as selling the same product to an external buyer give the company revenue of $ 13per unit. Supplying on the price given by Millwall Company would only then improve the profitability of Millwall Company and this can raise an intra-company conflict of interest and reduction in its revenue will reduce its profit. T he best Reading Company is ready to forego its profit by $1.20, which is the market selling price less price offered to Millwall Company. For the price offered by management is less than the one asked by Reading company. This price has already covered the cost and the margin that is suggested to be foregone and it is higher than the Reading’s acceptable price. This price is also not considered suitable for overall profitability of group as it would yield a profit of $ 3 per unit (price: $13 – cost $10) if sold to outsider and this management’s suggested price would reduce the profit of overall group by $2.88 (13- 10.12) and loss in profit is $1.68 (11.80- 10.12) above than profit Reading company is ready to forego. In point of ROI comparison Reading company would finally be held for less profitability overall.

Building Trust in Virtual Teams - Leadership Role Research Paper

Building Trust in Virtual Teams - Leadership Role - Research Paper Example   A leader should be someone who is willing to serve than to be served, has a strong will to be able to bring a group together despite probably different interests and opinions, and perhaps someone who has enough knowledge to instruct his fellow team members. However, when you come to think of it before all these are actually even possible, there is one thing that needs to be achieved which is no other than trust. Trust is indeed the foundation of real teamwork and is something that will enable a leader to be able to lead a group effectively to a specific goal (Hung, Yu-Ting Caisy, Alan R. Dennis, and Lionel Robert). We all know that every follower has their own set of interests that would not easily be influenced by a leader they do not trust. Thus, if you want to be a leader who does not influence one’s followers, one key to this is to not win their trust. Why? Well, this is because of the fact that the only thing that would make people listen to what you, as a leader would have to say, let alone you are a total stranger to them, is because of the fact that they see something good about you or clean in your intentions that would be beneficial for the whole group. That is why, to be able to start winning the trust of people or your team is to avoid focusing on putting words in their mouths or manipulating them over your highfaluting goals and start with what you, as a leader has to say about moral duty or commitment you are willing to give to the team (Hung, Yu-Ting Caisy, Alan R. Dennis, and Lionel Robert). Once this has been established, a leader now gains that voice to reflect the goal s and at the same time for that voice to actually be heard. However, it is important to know that it does not end in laying out the big picture of the do’s and don’ts to your team to be able to achieve a certain goal. In a way, understanding human nature, where self-interest can never be set apart, should be considered aside from the social considerations of any goal set for a team.  Ã‚  

Yale researchers unravel genetics of dyslexia and language impairment Assignment

Yale researchers unravel genetics of dyslexia and language impairment - Assignment Example Apart from genetic variants, Peart also claims that prenatal exposure to nicotine also predisposes children to dyslexia and language impairment (Peart 1). According to him, earlier diagnosis of challenges associated with dyslexia and language impairment will aid significantly in managing the associated complications. To achieve this, Peart asserts that it is crucial for the genetic components of reading as well as verbal language to be observed as earlier as possible. Additionally, he claims that most of the learning disabilities are as a result of dyslexia and language impairment. Thus, it is evident that his article provides detailed information on dyslexia and language impairment which enhances effective intervention of dyslexia and language impairment. The article enables persons suffering from the diseases understand the causes of their reading disabilities. Additionally, the article succeeds in making the families of the victims of dyslexia as well as language impairment seek for early interventions which as a result leads to effective

Negative affects of piracy on the music industry Essay

Negative affects of piracy on the music industry - Essay Example Before the invention of blank tape, it was not yet possible to duplicate a record. If you want to hear music, then you either have to buy it or play it in a friend’s house. From the vinyl to cassette tape, it was really hard to copy music content. Then, initially, compact discs – the precursor of modern music formats - were hard to copy as well - when it surfaced in Europe and Japan in 1982 and in the United States. However, over the past twenty years, technology has advanced so drastically. Three technologies have emerged that have driven piracy to the top of the music industry’s agenda today: the writable CDs, the mp3 compression algorithms and the P2P protocols. The combined power of these technologies led to the proliferation of file-sharing applications that enable people to download music and other multimedia content from the Internet for free. Since the year 2000, studies have shown that music piracy has significant negative effects in the music industry.

Medically and Mentally Challenged Inmates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Medically and Mentally Challenged Inmates - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that once identified with suicidal tendency, the inmate should be offered such cells or wards where 24-hour observation is possible. Similarly, those who are identified with medical issues should be housed separately so that they can be monitored more frequently than other general inmates. Secondly, the correctional staff is given training in various intervention procedures and a toolkit for first aid in emergencies. Even after initial screening, these people are able to observe the inmates closely and report any inmate’s exhibiting signs of physical or mental illness. The third best practice is the strategy of utilization review. This means the appropriateness of the services and procedures offered to each inmate is periodically reviewed. This helps reduce the cost involved in offering unnecessary monitoring and treatment. Finally, it is clear that about 50% of all the diseases, injuries, and death in the United States are entirely pr eventable. Therefore, another best practice is to introduce preventive measures, including frequent health screenings, medicines and vaccines, health education campaigns, and checkups. These practices will help correctional facilities better manage medically and mentally challenged inmates.

STRATEGIC MARKETING & PLANNING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

STRATEGIC MARKETING & PLANNING - Essay Example Furthermore, the company operates with the motive of enhancing growth of the company as well as to be determined as an innovative company. Tesco majorly values customers’ needs as well as satisfaction. Furthermore, the company has devised strategies for performing business operations as one of the best retailers worldwide as well as to excel in every sector of business as in food [1] (Tesco, 2013). Strategies are formulated by companies with the motive of performing activities or operations in order to accomplish objectives as well as goals in a successful manner. Moreover, strategies enable companies to develop competency as well as competitiveness in the market. Strategic marketing is the process through which companies provide or offer products as well as services in markets with better competitiveness in comparison to their rivals (Proctor, 2000). Strategic planning is a process through which companies formulate plans and also executes those plans into actions as well as resources in an effective manner. Moreover, strategic plan assists a company in determining policies as well as procedures to perform activities in order to improve profitability and ensure sustained development (CIVICUS World Alliance for Citizen Participation, 2012). The discussion will emphasize on the strategic marketing as well as planning process of Tesco. Moreover, the discussion will also emphasize on the utilisation of strategic plan method in order to determine changes which are required to be adopted by the company to improve performance as well as to enhance development. Tesco has been performing business operations in an effective manner due to better customer services as well as for performing business operations with best practices in individual markets. The company has performed business operations with different strategies with the motive of performing businesses in local as well as in international markets successfully. Tesco performs business operations in

Eco-tourism in China and France Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Eco-tourism in China and France - Research Paper Example Tourism is a rapidly growing industry in most countries in the world, including both developing and developed countries (Eijgelaar, Peeters, & Piket, 2008; Euromonitor International, 2011). Tourism as a business has grown approximately ten percent per year since the end of World War Two. (Matias, Nijkamp, & Sarmento, 2009) Much of that business is in the form of domestic tourism, but international pleasure travel does capture a significant portion of that market (Lohmann, 2004). The needs of the international tourist differ from the needs of the domestic tourist. Monitoring and forecasting the international tourism demand independently of the domestic tourism demand is vital in proper demand management. The analysis of tourism demand is the measurement of this growth; forecasting this demand is vital in managing it and profiting from it. However, an analysis of the tourism industry across the entire world is too large and is outside the scope of this research; instead, the focus is on one example of a developing nation though with a thriving tourist industry, China, and one example of a developed nation also with a very well-established tourist industry, France. A type of tourism common to both of these nations is eco-tourism, and so eco-tourism will be used as the model to compare management strategies between the two nations. Characteristics and Modeling of Tourism Demand Tourism demand can be measured in a variety of ways. The most commonly used benchmark for tourism demand is the number of tourists arriving in the country or to the location Chan, Lim, & McAleer, 2005). Another method, which is generally used for economic models, is the income receipt from those tourists. A combination of these measurements is considered best to get a true picture of the demand for tourism infrastructure: if there is a situation where a large number of tourists are arriving, but their expenditure while traveling is low, it would be more sensible to focus on budget vacations than on five-star facilities, for example. The two issues at hand, the number of arrivals and the money being spent, are separate; good modeling will involve consideration of them both as individual problems and as a a combination. A wide variety of models exist for forecasting and analyzing the demand of tourism and new techniques are constantly being introduced. No single modeling technique has been found to be the most accurate overall; the best choice of modeling technique seems to depend significantly on the situation (Song & Li, 2008). For example, travel motivation theory suggest that the reasoning behind the trip is the most important in predicting the demand for tourism to a specific location (Goh, Law, & Mok, 2008). Dynamic destination image indexes (DDII) are collections of news stories about a destination that can affect a consumer's choice of vacation destination, by adding a line of reasoning about recent events to the consumer's decision-making process (Stepchenkova & Eales, 2011). Using the DDII can be more helpful to managing demand in a nation that is frequently shown on the international news, but less so in a case where fewer people are aware of current events at that location. Scenario planning is used to predict events, both positive and adverse, that could effect tourism demand. Ideally, scenario planning will also forecast the magnitude of this effect .

Global capitalism is the primary cause of world hunger Essay Example for Free

Global capitalism is the primary cause of world hunger Essay Evolution/ change are a way of life. People evolve, cultures evolve, and so do our economies. And with every change comes a considerable amount of resistance. The transition from feudalism to capitalism gathered its momentum in Western Europe in 18th and 19th centuries. Along with came chaos, ambiguities and insecurities. Numerous theories on Capitalism as good or bad also came along. Some include famous works by premier sociologists: Karl Marx and Max Weber. Though Karl Marx’s most popular theories on â€Å"class and conflict† made him a capitalist critique, it is mainly Max Weber who’s considered to have developed a more rational theory on capitalism. Defined in Max Weber’s term, Capitalism is a process where money becomes an end in itself consequently changing the values of society. Although capitalism is an age old phenomenon what makes it younger even now is the global face it has assumed over the past two or three decades. It is now used in combination with globalization hence, termed as global capitalism. It has largely dominated the discourse on poverty and human development. Patrik Aspers (1) defines global capitalism as, â€Å"an economy that connects capitalistic actors from all over the world via production and consumption markets. † The common attack on this phenomenon is that it has increased the disparity between the rich and the poor in the developing world and widened the gap between the developed and the developing world. What’s perplexing is to see how the same phenomenon that is acclaimed for the growing GDP in many emerging economies is also seen as the culprit in raising world hunger. Global capitalism does not function in isolation. There are many other factors that determine its nature making it good or bad for human development. This paper will delve on those factors that have made this phenomenon so unpopular especially in the developing world. Also, to establish that global capitalism is not alone a cause per se of world hunger. Free Trade: Global capitalism means integrating the national economy into the world economy through breaking down of artificial trade barriers. In other words, allowing a free flow of capital across the globe. A more popular term given to this phenomenon is that of â€Å"Free Trade†. Joseph Stiglitz (2)defines it as â€Å"the closer integration of the countries and peoples of the world which has been brought about by the enormous reduction of costs of transportation and communication, and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flows of goods, services, capital, knowledge and people across borders. Free Trade versus small –scale Farmers: There have been tall claims made on the benefits gained by the emerging countries out of free trade looking at their GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth over the past decade. While determining the effectiveness of Free Trade, most evidences are based on the number of jobs generated in emerging economies through this system. But this is also dovetailed by another question on whether these jobs also generate a livelihood option for the last common denominators in the developing world. The answer is quite evident from the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) that has taken a centre stage on the ongoing WTO (World Trade Organization) negotiations. The most affected lot of the multilateral trading system are the small scale farmers in developing countries who are largely being affected by huge subsidies provided to farmers in U. S and Europe. This in turn helps these farmers to sell their products at much reduced rates in international markets than the small- scale farmers of developing countries can afford to sell even in their own domestic markets. Hence, forcing these very farmers to sell their produce at a lesser price than that involved in production. One could argue that despite the farmer’s grievances, large flow of cheap food in developing countries could also mean that the poor and hungry benefit from floods of cheap food. The following fact answers this argument. World hunger strings from the current situation of small scale farmers in the developing world: The UN report on World Hunger 2000, revealed failure of the 1996 target of halving the number of people who do not have enough to eat within 15 years. Robert. Drinan (3) in National Catholic reporter, states that a total of 842 million hungry in the world during 1995- 1997 increased by 13 million in the 1999- 2001 period. The First Food Program Director, Kirsten Schwind points out that a vast majority of the world’s poor make their living off agriculture. Hence, failure in this sector also suggests that 50 percent of the people who live with hunger globally are these same small – scale farmers. United States and Europe: are they alone responsible for world hunger? Undeniably, the huge subsidies offered to farmers in the United States and Europe disrupts the global market. But this reason is not alone responsible for devastating farmer’s life in developing world. This era of global capitalism also calls for a global accountability. It isn’t right to put the entire blame on the US and Europe. Kenneth AJ (4) clearly states that â€Å"hunger is a multi-dimensional problem that requires a multidimensional approach and intersectoral interventions in relevant areas, such as health, markets, learning and emergency preparedness. But too often the necessary investments have not been made. National level strategies usually exist, but they often need to be modified to take hunger into greater consideration. † Simply judging the interventions made by international institutes, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund is not enough. Unless country’s own systems such as, domestic policies, their implementation, and their transparency are not evaluated, the current situation on world hunger will not improve. It is a stated fact that serious policy mistakes are dovetailed by crisis in the economic sector. What keeps many developing countries from benefiting despite numerous development projects are their own infected methods. Many people and many governments have misunderstood the meaning of liberalization. They have mistaken it to mean liberating themselves off their responsibilities. The idea behind globalization was to make competition healthier. This could be done when each country facing an international competition ensures improvement on its infrastructure and provides its workers with latest knowledge on their skills. It is after all a country’s own responsibility. Unfortunately, the latest trend is to blame it all on the unhealthy competition led by free trade. Little have these governments done enabling their own citizens to face the global competition. It is after all these policy makers who hold key to development of their own nation. They are the wheelers of the society who link the modern, pre – modern and postmodern together. When we talk about agricultural competition, besides looking at debates engulfing the distortion issue, it is also important for us to assess the country’s own performance in these areas. It is after all government’s responsibility to improve upon its agricultural production meeting market needs by assisting its farmers with latest techniques and knowledge on new variety crops. Even if we agree for a while that many developing countries cannot afford the latest technologies, how do these governments then account for the dramatic increase in their GDP growth? India stands as the best example, where on the one hand many reports reveals the increased suicidal rate of the farmers, on the other hand there are reports flashing India’s growing GDP rate. A country with 60 percent population involved in agriculture, accounts for only 22 percent of its total GDP growth. Fair Trade involves paying a fair wage to the growers for their goods. Ironically, the larger retailers involved in the selling of these goods exploit these growers by buying their goods, like coffee, cocoa and sugar, at world low prices and then selling the same goods at international markets at highly marked – up prices. The unequal ratio between the production cost and selling cost forces the small – scale farmers in developing countries to borrow money from the local lenders. These lenders decide their own interest rates which unfortunately keeps the farmers in perpetual poverty. There is no supervisory authority that can help these farmers get a fair share for their produce. Caught between the vicious lenders and retailers, these farmers are constantly facing a blow. The government does little in bailing out these ill fate stricken farmers. The borrowing chain does end with the farmers. This trend continues even with the government who borrows money from international bodies to finance their development through several development projects. The supervisory authorities spend little time in monitoring the international capital inflows. These authorities also do not collect information on external borrowing by private corporations in their respective countries and in turn to use this information for managing their domestic policies. The excessive borrowing has direct link to hunger as these payments back to creditors outside the country are drawn from funds that should instead be invested in areas that need greater funding to lift people out of poverty and hunger. The money that is initially borrowed to invest its large portions in areas like agriculture, health care, education, job creation, etc. helps little in elevating these spheres and is rather used up in dealing with the fluctuating market interest rates. Asian Crisis : a result of excessive borrowing: Prior to 1997, eight East Asian countries-Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia experienced a rapid economic growth often called the â€Å"East Asian miracle†. Between 1965 and 1990, the GDP in these countries doubled. Their success was attributed to many factors such as free trade, macroeconomic policies and discipline, high saving and investment rates that attracted many foreign investors looking for a high rate of return. With increasing pressure felt in the foreign exchange market there was a sudden flow of Thai baht in market against the US dollar (the currency speculators rushed to buy US dollar against the Thai baht). This resulted in Thai currency devaluation followed by withdrawal of foreign capital from other East Asian countries as well. What followed was the Asian crisis in mid – 1997 affecting currencies, stock markets and other asset prices of several Southeast Asian economies. Foreign investors lost confidence and withdrew their invested money from these countries. Extensive borrowing in foreign currencies by corporations and other financial institutions while turning blind eye to currency fluctuation was the main culprit for this crisis. The ineffective financial supervision that encouraged short – term borrowing underestimating while the risk involved in exchange rate proved fatal. Role of the National Government: In several working papers much has been said about the international bodies and their role in the Asian Crisis. What is even a greater matter of concern is the role of national governments during the crisis. Nobody ever talks about their intervention. It is true while dealing with global market; one normally expects the global bodies to be accountable for its success or failure. If that being the case, why don’t we abandon the idea of even being governed by national bodies if every downturn is expected to be addressed by the international ones? It is evident from the East Asian case that the supervisory authorities spent little time in monitoring the international capital inflows. The authorities did not collect information on external borrowing by private corporations in their respective countries and in turn to use this information for managing their domestic policies. In earlier times whenever there was a failure in any sector, the only remedy seen for it was nationalization. Any failure in a sector in today’s time is handed over to privatized bodies with national government taking a back seat. The national governments have completely turned a blind eye and a deaf ear to its citizen’s problems. In fact for any rising problem it is the international market that is held responsible. Conclusion: The facts stated above clearly points out the loop holes existing in domestic policies and governance. Lian Greenfield (2001) has argued that the driving force behind capitalism is nationalism. Many countries saw a strong economy as a way of strengthening the nation making capitalism as a means in this process. Hence, it wont be wrong to say that it isn’t global capitalism that is the primary cause of world hunger, it is the improper governance that has led to this disaster. Food availability, food access, and asset creation are virtues of a responsible government for which we cannot hold world systems alone accountable. A good government is one that ensures a proper and organized lending to its farmers helping them to cope with international prices through establishing local banks with reasonable interest rates. This is just one of the many solutions a government can adopt to encompass failures in the agricultural sector considered one of the most important sectors of the emerging economies. A democratic country is one that lets the state make some of the economic decision, and the market and the civil society do others, though with different emphasis on these spheres. References: Aspers P, Edling C, Hobson B. A Note on Global Capitalism. Sweden: Department of Sociology, Stockholm University; 2005. Stiglitz J. Globalization and its Discontents. New York: Norton; 2002. Jesuit Fr, Drinan R. Report Shows World Hunger Increasing. USA (MO): National Catholic Reporter Publishing Company; 2004. Shwind K. Going Local on a Global Scale: Rethinking Food Trade in the Era of Climate Change, Dumping, and Rural Poverty. USA (CA): Institute for Food and Development Policy; 2005. Kenneth AJ. World Hunger Series 2006: Hunger and Learning. Italy: World Food Programme and Standford University Press; 2006. Reuven G, Moreno R. Government intervention and the East Asian miracle. Business Economics; 1997.

Great Expectations by Charles Dickens Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations by Charles Dickens Essay Dickens promptly introduces the reader to Pip who serves both as the retrospective narrator and as the young protagonist of the novel. This works on a two level approach with regard to guiding us through the plot as an omnipotent narrator whilst simultaneously leading us through Pip’s life with the immediacy of a first person narrative. It is clear from the beginning that it is Pip’s perceptions which entirely define the events and characters of the novel. Dickens utilises this dichotomy in the opening chapter by exploiting Pip’s narrative perspective. We are introduced to Pip as if in the midst of a pleasant conversation with him, ‘I give Pirrip as my father’s family name†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Immediately after however, we are subjected to the unravelling thoughts and fears of a frightened child under threat. This serves to capture our attention and instil a sense of compassion for Pip, for who we fear the worst. Dickens employs Pip as the narrator to present a prospective and prophetic relationship between himself and the escaped convict. As a reader, this initially appears to be a strange concept solely based on the power dynamics between Pip and the convict and his demands, with Pip reciprocating for fear of his life. However, as they part, Pip looks back to see the man walking alone into the marshes. This metaphorical image of the convict hugging ‘his shuddering body in both his arms’ on the horizons with the gallows, is strikingly familiar to the initial image we had of Pip who was holding himself in the cold, alone in the churchyard with the gravestones of his dead parents. As a reader, it appears that their relationship seems to warm at that moment, with the two sharing a common loneliness and marginalisation from society – the orphan and the escaped convict. Dickens uses this characterisation to develop our imagination of Pip, in that whilst Pip is afraid, he insti nctively displays a sympathetic reaction and remains resolute. Pip’s description of the convict when he first meets him seems elongated in response to the time he would have actually viewed him with, as he ‘only [had] a moment to see it’. Pip describes the convict as a man ‘who limped, and shivered, and glared, and growled’. The repetition of the word ‘and’ before each verb makes the list of the convict’s appearance sound considerably longer. The use of an iambic poetic rhythm further reinforces this idea that the list is made to sound longer. The words used to describe the convict are also stressed to sound more convincing, creating an extended metaphor of an animal. Pip is afraid of this ‘fearful man’ because of his animal like features and wounds. The portrayal of the convict cannot be easily forgotten for the reader and our imagination of him becomes almost reality. Dickens gives no clear indication of the man’s future in Pip’s life but he does create the sense t hat the convict will return, largely by building up a sense of mystery around the convict’s situation and his relationship with Pip. Dickens creates sympathy for Pip by making it explicitly clear that he has been deprived of parental guidance. He has never known his parents, ‘The shape of the letter’s on my father’s, gave me an odd idea that he was a square, stout, dark man, with curly black hair.’ This image of Pip being completely alone in a desolate cemetery trying to imagine the appearances of his parents makes us commiserate with him. We are also reminded of his youth and innocence with the childish conclusions he arrives at regarding the appearances of his parents. The gravestone reads ‘also Georgiana, wife of the above’, and in Pip thinking that his Mother’s name is actually ‘also Georgiana’, we sympathise with him for his lack of awareness. We are able to establish from this that Mrs Joe Gargery never mentions or talks about their Mother, which again makes us realise his lack of parental love. This light-hearted ponder at the gravestone’s inscriptions briefly lifts the sombre mood of the chapter which largely revolves around death, and allows Dickens to lessen the dramatic tension building up. We can conclude from this chapter that Pip has experienced loss and death at an early age but he seems accustomed to it. However, it could also reveal how Pip is lacking in certain life experiences, which we realise could affect him and his choices negatively in the future. We discover that Pip’s five younger brothers gave up trying to obtain a living exceedingly early in that ‘universal struggle’. Whilst they had ‘given in’ but Pip himself hadn’t, it reveals his resilience and strength to succeed. Knowing this, this early in the novel about Pip’s character, it infuses the read er with a sense of optimism about Pip and his future. Dickens concentrates heavily on the ‘bleak’ settings and grave moods to prepare the reader for a sense of what’s to come in the story, and of Pip. Dickens thoroughly describes the setting of the eerie Kent marshes in detail in order to deliver a definite mood early in the novel. The use of the setting in a graveyard works a mood of isolation and desolation; Pip is isolated by the fact he is an orphan. The graveyard itself is described as ‘bleak’ and ‘overgrown’, conveying that it has been neglected much like Pip himself. The repetition of ‘dead and buried’ further lowers the mood. Pip recalls that his ‘most vivid and broad impression of the identity of things’ is placed at a time between light and dark – perhaps symbolising the transition from good to bad, which we realise may be relevant later in Pip’s life. We see that Pip realises this whilst being shaken upside down by the convict, symbolising t hat he has a distorted view of things, with them perhaps being upside down themselves. Dickens sets the chapter in a graveyard to deliver a sombre mood. A wide open space seems harsher than an inside enclosed one, and Pip is less familiar with them. The external world offers Dickens a space to experiment with the idea of Pip being afraid of things he has not previously experienced. This makes Pip feel unsettled and isolated, which is passed on to an involved reader. The derelict setting is further reflected in the mood as Dickens describes the landscape surrounding the churchyard. He continually describes it as a ‘dark flat wilderness’ which is dreary in appearance and has the possibility to harbour deep and unknown dangers. Obstacles in the marshes such as ‘dykes’, ‘mounds’, and ‘gates’ work as visual obstructions for Pip but on a metaphorical level as symbols for possible upcoming obstacles in Pip’s life. Dickens maintains the use of words such as ‘flat’, ‘low’ and ‘darkâ€℠¢ which gives an eerie feel and dense mood to the opening chapter. There is also further symbolism in Pip’s surrounding, in that there is both a flowing river and flat, solid ground on the same landscape. This could reflect that there are two ways in which to travel the same distance and that Pip is soon to have to choose a path to take, which will in turn alter his life. This is thought provoking and concerning to us as a reader, whilst simultaneously intensifying the already dampening mood. The marshland is repeatedly represented as a place where good meets sin, and this is clear in the skyline. It has ‘long angry red lines and dense black lines intermixed’, and these frightening colours and the ‘darkness of the sky’ all accentuate Pip’s vulnerability in this graveyard full of misery, with the pathetic fallacy working to highlight his isolation. There are also only two vertical structures on the horizontal landscape of the marshes – a beacon and gallows. The beacon’s use is to guide sailors home and steer them from danger, whereas gallows are used to hang criminals for crimes they have committed. These two structures symbolise good and evil and the choices in which Pip is to make – leading to either a life of good or a life of sin. The ‘green mounds’ and ‘nettles’ all portray the hostility of everything against Pip, with connotations of something that could hurt him. The ‘wind’ rushes from the ‘distant savage lair’. This metaphor is used to describe the sea from which the ‘wind is rushing’ and the use of pathetic fallacy creates a harsh and tense atmosphere of a claustrophobic nature. However, to Pip, the wind is a wild beast and the ‘savage lair’ is the den from which the wind comes. This further intensifies the sympathy we as a reader have for Pip. To conclude, Dickens utilises the vulnerability and innocence of Pip to evoke both sympathy and anticipation for the young boy and his future. It is the confusion of the opening chapter’s happenings and the title ‘Great Expectations’ which makes us as a reader eager to continue the novel and our journey with Pip.

Cost Effectiveness In Prison Management Criminology Essay

Cost Effectiveness In Prison Management Criminology Essay It is unclear what characterizes an offender as elderly. The age of 65 as a marker between middle age and old age was based off of social legislation during the late 19th and early 20th centuries for purposes of determining eligibility for social, retirement or other benefits.19 Many offenders are considered by correctional authorities to be a part of the older prison population, despite being aged 15 years or more below societal perceptions of ages traditionally affiliated with being old. States have applied different factors to gauge the true age of elderly inmates as a result of their continuous exposure to the prison environment. Such factors include the stress and anxiety associated with living in an isolated environment, the degree of mental and physical impairment, and the higher risk of victimization due to the offenders advanced Elderly Inmates: A Growing Trend US- Graying Prison, Canada- Japan- HK- Argument against incarcerating the elderly offender Cost of Incarceration Basic Needs and Programs In the US, the courts have ruled that inmates have rights that are essentially dominated by the basic needs of all inmates. Sufficient nutrition, medical care, and safety are a few of the rights determined by the courts to ensure that basic needs are met. Programs have also been initiated for non-basic needs, for example, educational and training program, work programs and therapy and counseling programs. The programs that meet the basic and non-basic needs of older inmates are essentially the same as for younger inmates. However, there is a difference between what is required to meet the basic and nonbasic needs of younger versus older inmates. The discrepancies exist between and inmates needs which result in specialized programs (Wheeler, 1999). To cope with the needs of an increasing older prison population, states corrections departments have been taking steps ranging from developing targeted programs and activities for elderly inmates to providing specialized geriatric care. In a 2001 survey by the U.S. Criminal Justice Institute, approximately 15 of the 44 participating states and territories indicated that they provided supervised recreational programs specifically designed for older and elderly inmates. And other states have established educational programs on wellness and aging issues as part of an overall preventive care program. Ohios hocking correctional facility offers a 50+ and Aging program, which is designed to address the physical, psychological and social needs of older inmates. Such activities as chair aerobics, adult basic education and GED classes are provided as part of the program, as well as specialized recreational options, including bingo, shuffleboard, horseshoes and a walking program. Pennsylvania h as also provided inmate health care education programs, and has even offered a healthy heart food line, featuring low fat, high fiber foods for inmates (Abner, 2006). Accordingly, opponents are convinced that these specialized programs will needlessly consume the limited corrections and tax payers monies. Health Care Needs Another important factor to consider with respect to the incarceration of elderly offenders is the cost of health care. In a survey of the U.S. Department of Corrections in all fifty states, twenty-seven of the thirty-one institutions that responded identified medical needs and related factors as the most important or significant variable attributed to the cost of aging inmates (Wheeler, Connelly, Wheeler, 1994). Most states estimate that healthcare for an elderly prisoner costs roughly two to three times that for a younger prisoner. In some states, like North Carolina, the average annual cost of healthcare for prisoners 50 and older is four times higher than the cost for prisoners younger than 50. Moreover, while only 11% of North Carolinas prisoners are age 50 and older, the $25 million it costs the state each year to provide healthcare to these aging prisoners constitutes nearly 30% of the states total correctional healthcare budget (American Civil Liberties Union, 2012). In Flor ida, prisoners age 50 and older accounted for a disproportionate share of all medical contacts. While 11% of the total prison population was in this age range, these prisoners constituted 38% of all medical contacts for hypertension, 44% for diabetes, 21% for asthma, and 36% for general medicine (ACLU, 2012). As inmates age and the number of chronic illnesses increases, so does an individuals chance of needing hospitalization and geriatric care. Health problems such as strokes, Alzheimers disease, and other form of dementia that increase with age (Atchley, 1994). These illnesses even require specially trained personnel and twenty-four hour care, the type of care offered in nursing homes. Opponents believe just a few of the health care-related costs that currently and will continue in the future to face correction officials and society if we demand incarceration of elderly offenders and do not allow for alternative methods of sentencing. Housing Needs As the age of older offenders increases, whether from aging within prison or entering prison at an older age, their physical, social, and health care needs change. Therefore, modifications must be made with respect to the prison itself. Clearly, most prisons that exist today were not constructed or designed with the needs of older offenders in mind (Wheeler, 1999). Prison are going to have to be designed or renovated to provide elderly-friendly environments that will meet the physical, psychological, and social needs of older offenders. In the years to come, many of Japans 74 prisons will end up looking like Onomichi, an aging prison about 400 miles south-west of Tokyo that first started catering to older prisoners 20 years ago. A handrail runs the length of the corridor, and makeshift wheelchair ramps are kept at the entrance to the communal baths. There is a portable mattress on hand in case anyone feels faint, along with a wheelchair and, placed discreetly behind a desk, boxes of incontinence pads (McCurry, 2008). In the U.S., at the same time, specialized houing for elderly inmates appears to be another trend. At least 16 states provide separate housing facility for older prisoners (Abner, 2006). These examples indicate that with the aging population, there is a growing demand for barrier-free or elderly-friendly physical environments. Thus, opponents believe that the scare resources will be consumed. Safe Guarding the Older Offender Housing older inmates with the general prison population can place them in an environment that put their safety in danger. Older offenders are outnumbered and more vulnerable to attack. They are viewed as prey by younger, more aggressive inmates (Wheeler, 1999). According to a 2004 National Intelligence Council report (Abner, 2006), the lack of personal protection for elderly inmates, who may be frail and therefore vulnerable to the threats of assault by younger predatory inmates, contributes to the emotional stress and physical deterioration they routinely experience, especially among those who may be already vulnerable owing to chronic or terminal illness and who have few options for change in their environment. Providing housing that will meet the basic needs of older incarcerated inmates or simply providing for their safety is not cost-effective. Therefore, the opponents argue that alternative methods to incarceration should be considered. Training Staff Currently, corrections staff are trained much as prisons have been designed, with young, violent offenders in mind. Older offenders present an entirely different population, with different needs that require special training (wheeler, 1999). Very often, correctional and healthcare staff lack appropriate training and technical expertise and have not been properly trained to treat age-related illnesses, such as hearing loss, vision problems, arthritis, hypertension, and dementia (ACLU, 2012). Therefore, opponents view it is not cost effective to train future and retrain present prison staff to handle a relatively small percentage of incarcerated older offenders. There are less expensive and more effective ways of dealing with these problems. Argument for incarcerating the elderly offender Elderly Inmates Often Are Violent Offenders Studies of elderly offender have tended to categorize older inmates in a number of different ways, such as first time incarcerated and multiply incarcerated (Soderstrom, 1999). Teller and Howell state that first-time incarcerated offenders generally tend to have current sentences resulting from crimes committed against others, often in a spontaneous fashion, and thus do not view themselves as criminals. Conversely, multiply incarcerated offenders typically are locked up for premeditated crimes and do in fact view themselves as criminals (as cited in Soderstrom, 1999). Even the percent of violent crimes among elderly offenders are rather small. In the US, this age group constitutes 5.5 percent of all those arrested. Approximately fifteen percent of those elders arrested involve serious felonies, including murder, sex offenses, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, or drug trafficking (Ronald Jenifer, 2006). Although these percentages are rather small, they do indicate that an identifiable amount of serious crime is being committed by senior citizens, and sometimes these crimes are of a violent nature. Thus, the need to incarcerate some elderly offenders is arguable, given the seriousness of the criminal activity exhibited by at least a proportion of this older criminal subpopulation. Right to Appropriate medical Treatment Already Established The U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the rights of inmates to have their medical needs met in Estelle v. Gamble (1976). In this case, the Court stated that deliberate indifference to the serious medical needs of prisoners constitutes the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain proscribed by the Eighth Amendment. Kratcoski Pownall advocated that whether economically practical or not, it clearly has been established through case law that correctional systems must provide a vast array of health care services, including medical, dental, nutritional, acute, and long term care (as cited in Soderstorm, 1999). Therefore, this is not about the cost effectiveness but the responsibility to ensure that the human rights of all inmates are protected. Specialized Programming and Treatment Already Exists for Elderly Inmates Correctional systems increasingly appear to be responding appropriately to the specialized needs of older offenders (Soderstorm, 1999). In the US, the Federal Bureau of Prisons led the way in implementing geriatric care units for elderly inmates, particularly with its creation of a medical unit for male inmates. This specialized unit had 57.6 percent inmates in the 51 or older category according to 1986 figures. Since the late 1970s, the Federal Bureau of Prisons has designated correctional goals to implement these ideal geriatric unit components. Typical programs in such a geriatric facility have included stress management, health wise, drug facts, and positive mental attitude (Kratcoki Pownall, 1989). Thus, it seems that whether economically practical or not, the Federal prison system has accepted the inevitable need to provide extended and specialized services to the elderly inmate. Problems with Age-Segregated Facilities There are a number of arguments against the use of age-segregated facilities, which would be the most costly of methods to handle elderly inmates. Because of the small number of geriatiric inmates that would truly be in need of age-segregated conditions of confinement, the creation of geriatric courts ande other types of age-segregation treatment in the criminal justice system would stereotype all elderly offenders as being feeble and incapable of withstanding regular incarceration conditions (Cavan, 1987). Furthermore, considerable evidence suggests that older inmates actually provide a stabilizing effect on the general inmate population (Rubenstein, 1984). In fact, McCleery (1961) described the inmate hierarchy as being based on seniority. It appears the older inmates serve as unofficial sources of information necessary for successful prison adjustment by younger offenders who tend to be unfamiliar with or unprepared for the rigors of prison life. It has even been suggested that older inmates are respected by younger inmates for their accumulated wisdom regarding the workings of daily prison life, which alleged allows them to manipulate the correctional system to their advantages (Wiltz, 1973). Furthermore, Kratcoski and Pownall (1989) pointed out most federal elderly inmates had been previously incarcerated, so they certainly were not naÃÆ'Â ¯ve about prison life. Therefore, not all elderly really require incarcerated into age-segregated or move toward a separate geriatric justice system.

Educational Philosophy :: Education Teaching Teachers Essays

Educational Philosophy Teaching children has been an important goal for me since I was a little girl. I remember gathering my neighborhood friends into my basement to play school and of course I was Ms. Schaeffer. As I got older my grandfather was a huge influence in my decision to pursue teaching as a career. He was a teacher in every sense of the word. . He taught me the importance of teaching, to reach people. My first actual classroom experience was during my senior year of high school. I shadowed a kindergarten class for two months. The children amazed me with their craving for knowledge, they soaked in every bit of information they could. Children at that time are learning the basic fundamentals they will carry with them for the rest of their lives. Knowing that I can have a positive, or possibly a negative impact on this crucial part of life is a scary thought, but I have been waiting my entire life for the challenge. The basis of my own classroom would could only be based on my own experience as a student. Seating would be arranged in small groups, four tables to a group. Two children would face another two children. This would promote working together on projects, sharing, and socializing. In the upper right hand corner of the desk the child’s name would be neatly printed on a laminated card then taped down. On the first day of school the child would find their name and know that was their seat. I would change seating arrangements every couple of months, allowing for more diverse social groups. A classroom needs to be colorful and comfortable. Bulletin boards would be decorated in bright, cheerful colors and be low to the ground, easily accessible for the students. One board would be a calendar displaying holidays, birthdays, special trips, guests visiting, etc. Another would contain students responsibilities and weekly helpers. The weekly helper would be in charge of lines to the cafeteria or the cleanliness of the classroom. Letting the students have a sense of responsibility promotes pride in their classroom and a lesson in leading others instead of being a follower. Another board would be for assignments. Gold stars awarded for every homework turned in the students with all homework turned in on time would be rewarded. To teach the children about weather one board could have small pictures of a sun, clouds, rain, etc.

DAD :: essays research papers

Let me start by saying straightforwardly that the meaning of God is God himself. We must look at the meaning of God in God himself, not "outside" him. God is the fundamental meaning for the existence of the Universe, the creator, the supreme One: that is why everything exists. Why is something there? How did this universe come to exist, or others that might be? Why do we exist? For most people in the world —scientists, philosophers, ordinary people, — the answer is because God-Existence is. If he had not existed neither anything else would. Of course, not everybody agrees that God is the origin of the universe. Although, because of our faith, there is no need of proofs of God's existence: if something exists, then it is because that God exists. God-Existence is an evident fact. What other theories affirm when they say that there is an eternal universe is, in fact, that God-Existence, I Am, has always been, which is true. The only difference would be to see this eternal Existence as Somebody, "personal," or simply as Something, impersonal. If we look at the Old Testament, the biblical God is a God, who plays an active and immediate roll in all the happenings of the world and in human life; a God who constantly intervenes and changes the laws of nature. In addition, if we look at the New Testament, the image of God is very similar to the Jewish conception of God. God is "inside" the world, not to make miraculous changes in it, but to give existence to it. He is involved in the whole creation and into human life, not to change the natural order or to "manipulate" the free will of men, but to keep everything existing, moving, alive and in order. A meaningful God does not mean that he will intervene in the physical and biological facts and processes of nature, or in the free actions of men. God does intervene for keeping them existing and acting, not to change them, at least ordinarily. God-Existence created, is always present and conserves the order, balance and harmony of the whole universe, human life included, for our welfare; we are the "beneficiaries" from this balance, order and harmony. God-Existence is the One who makes all these details of our senses and organs, of our mind and body —which we usually take for granted,— to function, and in a similar way He is the One by whom all these laws that govern the quantum, plants and animals, as well the stars and galaxies, never fail.

Do We Really Need a Cosmological Constant? :: essays research papers

In 1916, Albert Einstein made up his General Theory of Relativity without thinking of a cosmological constant. The view of that time was that the Universe had to be static. Yet, when he tried to model such an universe, he realized he cannot do it unless either he considers a negative pressure of matter (which is a totally unreasonable hypothesis) or he introduces a term (which he called cosmological constant), acting like a repulsive gravitational force. Some years later however, the Russian physicist Friedmann described a model of an expanding universe in which there was no need for a cosmological constant. The theory was immediately confirmed by Hubble's discovery of galaxies' red shift. Following from that, Hubble established the law that bears his name, according to which every two galaxies are receding from each other with a speed proportional to the distance between them. That is, mathematically: V=H D where H was named Hubble's constant. From this point on, the idea of a cosmological constant was for a time forgotten, and Einstein himself called its introduction "his greatest blunder", mostly because it was later demonstrated that a static Universe would be in an unstable equilibrium and would tend to be anisotropic. In most cosmological models that followed, the expansion showed in the Hubble's law simply reflected the energy remained from the Big Bang, the initial explosion that is supposed to have generated the Universe. It wasn't until relatively recently - 1960's or so, when more accurate astronomical and cosmological measurements could be made - that the constant began to reappear in theories, as a need to compensate the inconsistencies between the mathematical considerations and the experimental observations. I will discuss these discrepancies later. For now, I'll just say that this strange parameter, lambda- as Einstein called it, became again an important factor of the equations trying to describe our universe, a repulsive force to account not against a negative matter pressure, but for too small an expansion rate, as measured from Hubble's law or cosmic microwave background radiation experiments. I will show, in the next section, how all these cosmological parameters are linked together, and that it is sufficient to accurately determine only one of them for the others to be assigned a precise value. Unfortunately, there are many controversies on the values of such constants as the Hubble' cons tant - H, the age of the Universe t, its density , its curvature radius R, and our friend lambda.

Work

When analyzing a book, each point you make must have four points: Statement – you make a point Evidence – you include a quote (something from the text) which supports your statement Analysis – explain how the quote you chose proves your statement Is true Link ? explain how all of this answers the question S – Michael Morgue uses the technique of narrative voice effectively to portray the horrors and futility of war. He does this by showing us the war from the point of view of the horse, Joey. This shows us what the war was like for both the British and the Germans in an unbiased way.E -â€Å"l was busying myself at tearing the last of this away when I saw, out of the corner of my eye, a man In a grey uniform clamber out of the trenches†¦ A small, helmeted figure In a flapping khaki greatcoat climbed up onto no man's land. † A This helps us to understand that none of the men were horrible. They are described and recognized by their uniforms and nothing else. There are no differences between the men apart from their uniforms. L – This shows us the horrors and futility of war as these men were made to fight and did not know what they were fighting for.They were not angry at one another or prepared for war. Try to use this example and write your own version of this paragraph. This format Is used for all of your paragraphs, the Information you give Is the only thing that changes s technique of narrative voice show horror and futility of war Joeys first hand experience First person narrative shows things as they happen Choose one of the following quotes: â€Å"There were wounded everywhere – on stretchers, on crutches, in open ambulances, men cried and fell to the ground, and horses reared and screamed in agony of fear ND pain.The ground erupted on either side of me, throwing horses and riders clear into the air. The shells whined and roared overhead, and every explosion seemed like an earthquake to us. † à ¢â‚¬Å"It was as I staggered out of one such crater that I lumbered into an invisible coil of barbed wire that first snagged and then trapped my foreleg. As I kicked out wildly to free myself, I felt the barbs tearing into my foreleg† â€Å"l saw the grey soldiers ahead of us raise their rifles and heard the death rattle of a machine gun † â€Å"Blind terror drove me on† â€Å"We looked back down the hill at the battle-field. Work When analyzing a book, each point you make must have four points: Statement – you make a point Evidence – you include a quote (something from the text) which supports your statement Analysis – explain how the quote you chose proves your statement Is true Link ? explain how all of this answers the question S – Michael Morgue uses the technique of narrative voice effectively to portray the horrors and futility of war. He does this by showing us the war from the point of view of the horse, Joey. This shows us what the war was like for both the British and the Germans in an unbiased way.E -â€Å"l was busying myself at tearing the last of this away when I saw, out of the corner of my eye, a man In a grey uniform clamber out of the trenches†¦ A small, helmeted figure In a flapping khaki greatcoat climbed up onto no man's land. † A This helps us to understand that none of the men were horrible. They are described and recognized by their uniforms and nothing else. There are no differences between the men apart from their uniforms. L – This shows us the horrors and futility of war as these men were made to fight and did not know what they were fighting for.They were not angry at one another or prepared for war. Try to use this example and write your own version of this paragraph. This format Is used for all of your paragraphs, the Information you give Is the only thing that changes s technique of narrative voice show horror and futility of war Joeys first hand experience First person narrative shows things as they happen Choose one of the following quotes: â€Å"There were wounded everywhere – on stretchers, on crutches, in open ambulances, men cried and fell to the ground, and horses reared and screamed in agony of fear ND pain.The ground erupted on either side of me, throwing horses and riders clear into the air. The shells whined and roared overhead, and every explosion seemed like an earthquake to us. † à ¢â‚¬Å"It was as I staggered out of one such crater that I lumbered into an invisible coil of barbed wire that first snagged and then trapped my foreleg. As I kicked out wildly to free myself, I felt the barbs tearing into my foreleg† â€Å"l saw the grey soldiers ahead of us raise their rifles and heard the death rattle of a machine gun † â€Å"Blind terror drove me on† â€Å"We looked back down the hill at the battle-field. Work Generation Gap When younger workers are hired in the same department as older workers, the results can be frustrating or rewarding. What makes the difference is how management decides to blend the workforces. The 80 million Generation Y workers, called millennial, who were born after 1977 bring a host of talents to the office. They generally are skilled at hands-on, experiential learning and gain skills by attempting to perform a task rather than by reading a book or attending a lecture. They multicast, prefer to work alone, accept change readily, and access Information at all ours of the day.These work habits are contrary to what older workers have experienced during their careers. To blend the cultures, managers must devise methods of fostering coexistence. The project-oriented nature of IT work appeals to the bright, creative, energetic millennial, and they perform best when given new technologies and the freedom to experiment. Enjoying new situations and challenges, they excel at mentoring less tech-saws workers on using the Innovative hardware and software and rotating among various departments to meet new people.They also thrive in an atmosphere that encourages blobbing and testing, so the work environment should allow mobile social networking and communications. What are your thoughts? Do you find this to be the case at your place of work? I believe the current increase in new millennial further assist the older population. For example, as a professional in the Education industry the younger generations, in my opinion juggle various tasks. However, I feel the older population can benefit from most millennial by keeping an open mind to technology. Often times many baby boomers become resistant to change.Remotely no adaptation occurs, leading to undue stress of millennial. On another note, millennial may often be underestimated within the workforce due to autonomy. The world has emerged into a new era involving a high demand to remain abreast with frequent changes. I work alongside various baby-boomers and they are never updated with anything. Work By Lange-Wilcox multicast, prefer to work alone, accept change readily, and access information at all they excel at mentoring less tech-savvy workers on using the innovative hardware my opinion Juggle various tasks. Work Introduction In this report, I will draw on theories into my work experience in a local English training school in my hometown, to analysis their communication system, and then make some recommendations to Improve their school performance. Description Last summer, I worked as a registration assistant in a private languages school called Younger; it is a small private English training school, which aims at improving student's overall English ability to get higher score In English Test.Within Younger organization, the formal communication between school leaders and employees that Ely on paper-based format; the informal communication occurs teachers and students that prefer to face-to-face chats. According to the school communication study of Fred C. The formal communication which focuses on exchange the information regarding the work-related of school, and informal communication which emphasizes the unofficial message that unrelated to the schools education activities.For Younger scho ol case, I will draw the classical approach theories to analyses formal communication, and using the culture approach to examine the informal communication. Through the analysis. I will find some problems about Younger' communications, and give them some suggestions, to help them get improvement in the future. Analysis Theory 1 Younger formal communication system between employer and employee is familiar with classic approach. According to Weeper's theory of bureaucracy, rules are priority for each organizational functioning; he believed all rules should be In written form.In Younger, to improve students' English test score in short term, school leaders written specific daily routine and daily objectives to individuals, like when they would wake up, who can take what class and when, and the number of vocabularies students need to memorized each day. Under this system, all things rely on the rules, hierarchy was clearly established and the power was centralized within school leaders. In Younger, the school leaders built policies and communicate downward to group of managers, teachers and then students; this is a typically top-down communication.Managers, teachers and students need to follow their own Instructions, and do not have rights to change anything. Under bureaucracy management, teachers clearly knowing what the school's goals, strategies, and objectives base on deferent rules; having a better understanding of how their Jobs contribute to other school activities Increase employees involvement; following the specific introduction could improve the work efficiency. School leaders have the big power to control and monitor day-to-day operations of school activities.On the other hand, top-down communication is hard to receive the feedback from lower level people, lacking of communication interaction lead to lost opportunities of making improvement. Sometimes, the hierarchy is complicated, some information lost since assistance from the school principal to stu dents. In Tailor's scientific management theory, † there is one best way to do every Job†, which means managers need to fit Job to individuals. Based on this view, Younger principal divided English teaching into three parts: reading, writing and listening, and only hired the people who specialized in one filed.This kind of teaching specializations lowers individual teacher's responsibility for students' test score, reduce working pressure; hired professional experts in that field, it could be provide high quality education services for students, rather more gained Younger' competitive advantages in educational industry. However, Job specialization and teaching followed by instruction reduces the work autonomy and decrease employees' skills, as a consequent, employee felt less passion for their Jobs. Moreover, it is hard to find the potential problems without communication among different course teachers.Theory 2 Through above analysis, we can conclude that Youngster's fo rmal communication system is based on classical approach that tend to be downward, paper based, and task-related. Unlike the vertical communication between the employer and employee, he horizontal communication occurs in teacher and students. Deal and Kennedy's † Strong Cultures†, theory argued that if an organization has a strong culture, it will form the unique, hard to imitate intangible asset for that company, it would improve individual and organizational performance.This theory including four key elements: values and belief, heroes, rites and rituals, and cultural network. Since private languages education is a high competitive industry, Younger attempt to build their own school culture as their core competitive advantages. Younger used their slogan † Stay passion, Stay younger† as their belief to motivate students keep passion in their leaning, school mission aim to build the unique † Younger† sprit to attractive more students.Youngster's p rincipal is their Hero, for each new student orientation, principal gives the speech about how he builds Younger school to encourage student work hard. Both informal and formal communication made contribute to build the culture network. Majority informal communication during the lunchtime, teachers share legend stories to their students. To The top-leaders used downward immunization transfer school values, belief, culture, and school mission to employee and students. It is try to form a sense of belonging, commitment, and proud of being a part of Younger among the employees and students.In summary, for Youngster's culture approach the strength is they build a strong culture connection through their passion values, principal as the legend hero, using both informal and formal communication channel to set the culture network made employees and students felt like school is a big family. Recommendation As I analyzed above, the biggest problem is the highly centralized hierarchy managemen t system cause the weak communication system. To improve Younger communication system, my recommendation is diversify the direction of communication flows is most priority thing.Since analysis of Youngster's structure, we can see the organization structure has influenced on communication system. Lundeberg & Orenstein indicated, the structure of an effective communication Younger now has both downward and horizontal communication, I suggest building an upward flow communication. In the Younger school, upward communication is that some reflection from lower staff to the top leaders, this kind of communication an examine whether the bottom staff understood the messages from top-leaders, also can improve self-esteem of staff.Upward communication flow will make communication more effectiveness, listen more voice from different perspectives, and get more suggestions. In short, upward communication will provide a new communication channel of feedback to top-leaders, and make contribution t o school's performance. We can build the upward communication in three different types, the first type is class evaluation, gave rights to students which evaluate their teacher's caching performance, this help leader to understand how the employees perform their Job.The second one is suggestions and improvement, gathering the ideas from staffs to increase the quality of work. The last type is exception describe the big problems to leader, make leader aware of how difficulties. To build a healthy upward flow communication there are some barriers need to overcome. Firstly, when low- level staffs try to reflect problems but sometimes, the administrators no time to respond. Secondly, the administrator's bad attitudes or ignore the low-level staffs. Thirdly, the long-time gap between communication and reflection, it will take up to several months to accept the low-staffs' suggestion.The last but not least, low-level staffs lacking of motivation to bring problems to the administrator's of fice. There are some solutions to solve above four questions. Firstly, open door and open hours policy. To set a time, the administrator's door open for those people who find some problems need to discuss. Secondly, school leaders can facilitate some consulting meetings to avoid bad attitudes, and also can rebuild the lower-staff confidence. Thirdly, building social media blob for gather problems, reply feedback as soon as possible.Last, setting some rewards for these useful recommendations, encourage low-level staffs give more suggestions. Conclusion In this essay, in the first part I simply describe the Younger communication strategies. In the second part, I draw the classical approach theories to analyses formal communication, and using the culture approach to examine the informal communication in Younger English training school. Through analysis, I can conclude that Youngster's formal communication system is based on classical approach that end to be downward, paper based, and t ask-related. Work Generation Gap When younger workers are hired in the same department as older workers, the results can be frustrating or rewarding. What makes the difference is how management decides to blend the workforces. The 80 million Generation Y workers, called millennial, who were born after 1977 bring a host of talents to the office. They generally are skilled at hands-on, experiential learning and gain skills by attempting to perform a task rather than by reading a book or attending a lecture. They multicast, prefer to work alone, accept change readily, and access Information at all ours of the day.These work habits are contrary to what older workers have experienced during their careers. To blend the cultures, managers must devise methods of fostering coexistence. The project-oriented nature of IT work appeals to the bright, creative, energetic millennial, and they perform best when given new technologies and the freedom to experiment. Enjoying new situations and challenges, they excel at mentoring less tech-saws workers on using the Innovative hardware and software and rotating among various departments to meet new people.They also thrive in an atmosphere that encourages blobbing and testing, so the work environment should allow mobile social networking and communications. What are your thoughts? Do you find this to be the case at your place of work? I believe the current increase in new millennial further assist the older population. For example, as a professional in the Education industry the younger generations, in my opinion juggle various tasks. However, I feel the older population can benefit from most millennial by keeping an open mind to technology. Often times many baby boomers become resistant to change.Remotely no adaptation occurs, leading to undue stress of millennial. On another note, millennial may often be underestimated within the workforce due to autonomy. The world has emerged into a new era involving a high demand to remain abreast with frequent changes. I work alongside various baby-boomers and they are never updated with anything. Work By Lange-Wilcox multicast, prefer to work alone, accept change readily, and access information at all they excel at mentoring less tech-savvy workers on using the innovative hardware my opinion Juggle various tasks.